No - you can’t blow up a 300 ppi image 4 times without loosing quality in video or the web.
The samples I showed you are exactly the same number of pixels. The PPI only effects the size of the printed image on paper. They will both look exactly the same on the web, embedded in an email, or in a video.
PPI is completely irrelevant unless you are printing. That is what controls the size of the printed image.
If you are scanning a document then increasing the PPI will give you more pixels per inch of document, but if the image originally is 100 pixels by 100 pixels then the resolution is 10,000 pixels. PPI has nothing at all to do with resolution in a digital image.
PPI has everything to do with resolution when you are talking about scanning or the size of an image sensor. When you are talking about a digital display you don’t use PPI, you use dot pitch - how many dots are there per inch.
I hope this helps. When working with images in Photoshop or even creating vector artwork in Illustrator you should only be looking at the number of pixels. The only time you need to pay attention to PPI is when you intend to print that image on paper.
Hope this clears it up for you.